Manned landing on Mars! China finally hopes to conduct flight detection

Use wechat to scan the QR code to share with friends and circle of friends [text / observer.com] nuclear thermal propulsion rocket, TIANTI, Earth Mars economic circle... These terms that only appeared in science fiction works in the past have been included in the blueprint of China's future Mars plan recently, the 2021 global space exploration Conference (glex 2021) was held in Russia. Affected by the epidemic, China attended the meeting online during the meeting, Wang Xiaojun, President of China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (first Academy of Aerospace), delivered a speech entitled "manned Mars exploration space transportation system", which not only introduced China's achievements in previous Mars exploration missions, but also revealed the vision of China's future manned Mars exploration development route The first step is robotic Mars exploration, including sampling, site selection and in-situ resource utilization. The second step is primary manned exploration, which aims at manned landing on Mars and base construction; The last step is flight exploration and the establishment of the Earth Mars economic circle in order to achieve this Mars project, China launch vehicle technology research institute has basically determined the composition, characteristics, overall scheme and design parameters of the space transportation system for manned Mars exploration mission. Compared with the existing space transportation system, the Mars exploration project needs more complex transportation system, and the transporter will also change from chemical propulsion to thermonuclear and even nuclear fusion propulsion In his speech, Wang Xiaojun pointed out that there are still many technical problems in the realization of manned Mars exploration and space transportation, but he said: "Mars exploration is of great significance to human beings. It is an important way for human beings to go out of the cradle of the earth, explore the origin of life, and expand their living space. China's journey to heaven has already started, The research of space transportation system for manned Mars exploration is more challenging. We are willing to work hand in hand with our colleagues and partners at home and abroad to realize the dream of human beings going to deep space and walking on Mars. " in the video, Wang Xiaojun brings a screenshot of the speech "manned Mars exploration and space transportation system" (the same below) to establish the "geothermal economic circle". China plans to go in three steps from June 14 to 17, the 2021 global space exploration conference will be held in Russia. Affected by the epidemic, the Chinese side attended the meeting online to deliver speeches to aerospace professionals and media of participating countries. On the second day of the conference, Wang Xiaojun, as the Chinese representative, told the history and future of China's exploration of Mars from the perspective of space transportation and rocket science and technology However, what the media and professionals are more concerned about is the plan of China to establish a sustainable base on Mars and even the Earth Mars economic circle disclosed by Wang Xiaojun in the lecture. For example, the well-known space news website "space. Com" of the United States specially carried out this plan to report space.com: China wants to build a sustainable presence on Mars in the first part, Wang Xiaojun said that the factors affecting the design of the mission architecture include the type of ground fire transfer orbit, departure time, starting point, propulsion technology, whether to use pneumatic capture, etc he proposed that the suitable departure time for Mars missions is 2033, 2035, 2037, 2041, 2043, etc., and the high elliptical orbit (HEO) is more suitable In terms of propulsion technology, nuclear thermal propulsion is an important choice for manned Mars exploration. Nuclear fusion propulsion has higher specific impulse performance in theory, which needs theoretical and technical breakthrough, and is suitable for the long-term research goal of manned Mars exploration. In addition, China has also studied taking the new transportation system of sky ladder as the starting point of space, which can reduce the scale of Mars exploration transportation In the second part, he proposed a three-step plan for China's manned Mars exploration the first step of the three-step plan proposed by the Chinese side is robotic Mars exploration, which mainly includes Mars sampling return, Mars base site selection investigation, in-situ resource utilization and construction, etc. this step belongs to the technical preparation stage "space.com" explains that in situ resource utilization and construction refers to pumping water from the surface of Mars or directly obtaining oxygen to make up for the supply limitation of Mars exploration. The purpose of China's plan is to build a platform for the initial manned mission to Mars, starting from the orbital outpost station, to prepare for landing on Mars and finally establishing a Mars base the second step is the initial manned exploration, which mainly includes manned annular fire orbit exploration, manned Mars landing exploration, and Mars base construction the third step is flight exploration, which is the stage of economic circle formation, mainly including large-scale ground fire transportation fleet, large-scale (Mars resources) development and application Wang Xiaojun proposed the corresponding space transportation technology roadmap for each step. For example, in the stage of robotic Mars exploration, the Chinese side uses large or heavy launch vehicles to launch the probe directly into the earth fire transfer orbit. The probe uses chemical propulsion, chooses pulse combined orbit, and uses backstepping brake to reach Mars for exploration In the early stage of manned exploration, the Chinese side designed a new mission architecture for orbital transfer, which uses nuclear thermal propulsion combination, separate transportation of people and goods, assembly in near earth orbit (LEO), starting from high orbit, combined with the use of Mars pneumatic capture He explained in detail that in this stage, the carrier rocket will first transfer the cargo transfer stage rocket and payload to low earth orbit, and then assemble the cargo transfer stage (rocket) in orbit. The earth space ferry stage ferries the cargo transfer stage to high earth orbit, and then returns to low earth orbit after that, the cargo transfer stage ignites into the earth fire transfer orbit, uses atmospheric capture and near fire braking to enter the annular fire orbit, and Mars landing and ascent period (mdav) waits for the members to arrive in the annular fire orbit. At the same time, release Mars surface facilities and land on Mars When it reaches the manned transfer window, it is launched directly into high orbit by the manned rocket, butts with the manned transfer stage, and ignites into the ground fire transfer orbit. The manned transfer stage near fire brake enters the orbit of annular fire, and the members land on the surface of Mars through Mars landing and ascent to carry out Mars surface operations during the return journey, the members enter the lander and riser, return to the annular fire orbit, dock with the manned transfer stage waiting on the annular fire orbit, and then enter the fire from the manned transfer stageEarth transfer orbit, and eventually return to earth in the final stage of manned Mars exploration, the Chinese side proposed to adopt the integrated transportation mode of nuclear power. Starting from the earth space station, sun earth L2 and other bases, the earth fire cycle orbit is selected. The transfer vehicle has been arranged on the earth fire cycle orbit, and the propellant of the transfer vehicle is supplied by the ground or space refueling station "The manned Mars exploration and transportation system is very different" Wang Xiaojun said that the manned Mars exploration and transportation system is very different from the one-time flight of the earth space launch vehicle into space. Its mission components include: entering Earth orbit, assembling earth orbit, transferring earth fire, landing and ascending Mars, docking Mars orbit and returning to earth In addition, the flight time of manned Mars mission may reach hundreds of days, the flight distance may reach millions to hundreds of millions of kilometers, and the number of orbital rendezvous and docking may reach more than 10 times For this reason, the specific mission parameters proposed by China are as follows: Earth ascent: 7 heavy launch vehicles and 1 manned launch vehicle, using chemical propellant earth fire transfer stage of earth space Ferry: Ferry stage based on high specific impulse nuclear power propulsion technology, and earth fire transfer vehicle based on high specific impulse high thrust nuclear thermal propulsion technology Mars space: Mars lander and riser based on chemical propulsion ground fire transfer vehicle: it adopts nuclear thermal nuclear power dual mode, with three 10 ton thrust nuclear thermal engines as the main power, and uses the nuclear power system to provide power for each subsystem manned transfer vehicle: with a total mass of 246 tons and 108 tons of liquid hydrogen, it can carry a total of 65 tons of payload including deep space habitation cabin and manned spacecraft the total mass of the carrier is 328 tons, with 76 tons of liquid hydrogen and 206 tons of payload Of course, China's Mars program still has many key technical problems. Wang Xiaojun said that these problems mainly include the overall design technology of space transportation system, large-scale interstellar transportation propulsion technology, precision guidance and control technology, energy and interstellar TT & C communication network technology, and light heat proof structure design technology China Launch Vehicle Technology Research Institute (also known as the first Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd.), established on November 16, 1957 and subordinate to China Aerospace Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., is the birthplace of China's aerospace industry and the longest and largest missile weapon and launch vehicle development, test and production base in China According to the interpretation of "space.com", the plan proposed by Wang Xiaojun is "ambitious", but it is still in a very early stage. In addition, the plan does not take into account other challenges of long-distance human travel into deep space, such as the effects of radiation and weightlessness. But the plan does include some technologies that are already under development, such as a new generation of manned spacecraft, and other Chinese space agencies will try their best to solve problems other than transportation systems at present, the world's major space agencies studying Mars settlement program include NASA, ESA and Roscosmos. But at present, NASA's Mars exploration program is mainly based on the "Artemis" moon landing program, and has not put forward a complete Mars settlement program it is worth mentioning that at this conference, China's National Space Administration and Russia's National Space Corporation jointly released the roadmap for the international lunar scientific research station (v1.0) and the partner guide for the international lunar scientific research station (v1.0), which introduced the concept, scientific fields, implementation approaches and cooperation opportunities of the international lunar scientific research station, It points out the direction for international partners to participate in the planning, demonstration, design, development, implementation and operation of the international lunar research station according to the guide, the project has set eight scientific goals related to the moon; Since 2021, the project is divided into three stages of "exploration, construction and utilization", with a time span of 15 years. It is planned to be completed in 2035; The project also defines five types of cooperation for the participation of international partners at all stages and levels after the release of the document, China and Russia will timely release the updated versions of the "roadmap" and "guide", further clarify the milestone plans of each project stage of the international lunar scientific research station, and timely release the partner joining procedures, so as to ensure the steady progress of the overall project

2023-03-22 10:04:37

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